Cobalt, Antimony Compounds, and Weapons-grade Tungsten Alloy

Cover

Contents

Note to the Reader

List of Participants

Preamble

General Remarks

Cobalt metal (without tungsten carbide or other metal alloys) and some cobalt compounds

Trivalent and pentavalent antimony

Weapons-grade tungsten (with nickel and cobalt) alloy

List of Abbreviations

Summary of Final Evaluations

Annex 1: Supplementary material for Section 1, Exposure Characterization 

These tables are available only as supplementary web-only material.

Please report any errors to imo@iarc.who.int.

Cobalt metal (without tungsten carbide) and some cobalt compounds

Table S1.3 Global production of cobalt from mining, by country

Table S1.4 Global production of cobalt in refineries, by country

Table S1.10 Distribution of air concentrations of cobalt in industrial sectors, 1996–2016, Italy

Table S1.11 Distribution of air concentrations of cobalt by occupational group in industrial sectors, 1996–2016, Italy

Table S1.15 Occupational exposure limits of cobalt and its compounds in different countries

Table S1.16 Environmental regulations and guidelines for cobalt

Table S1.17 Biomonitoring guidance and reference values for cobalt

The following tables were produced in draft form by the Working Group and were subsequently fact-checked but not edited:

Table S1.18 Exposure assessment review and critique for epidemiological studies on cancer and exposure to cobalt metal (without tungsten carbide) and some cobalt compounds

Table S1.19 Exposure assessment review and critique for mechanistic studies in humans exposed to cobalt metal (without tungsten carbide) and some cobalt compounds

Trivalent and pentavalent antimony

The following tables were produced in draft form by the Working Group and were subsequently fact-checked but not edited.

Table S1.16 Exposure assessment review and critique for epidemiological studies on cancer and exposure to trivalent and pentavalent antimony

Table S1.17 Exposure assessment review and critique for mechanistic studies in humans exposed to trivalent and pentavalent antimony

Weapons-grade tungsten (with cobalt and nickel) alloy

This table was produced in draft form by the Working Group and subsequently fact-checked but not edited.

Table S1.4 Exposure assessment review and critique for mechanistic studies in humans exposed to weapons-grade tungsten (with cobalt and nickel) alloy

Annex 2: Supplementary material for Section 2, Cancer in Humans

These tables are available only as supplementary web-only material.

Please report any errors to imo@iarc.who.int.

Cobalt metal (without tungsten carbide) and some cobalt compounds

Table S2.6 Epidemiological studies on cancer of other sites, including all sites combined, and exposure to cobalt

Annex 3: Supplementary material for Section 4, Mechanistic Evidence

These tables are available only as supplementary web-only material.

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Cobalt metal (without tungsten carbide) and some cobalt compounds

Table S4.6 Genetic and related effects of cobalt in non-mammalian experimental systems

Table S4.7 Genetic and related effects of cobalt in acellular systems

Table S4.14 Oxidative stress in non-human mammals in vivo exposed to cobalt

Table S4.16 Acute pro-inflammatory effects in human cells in vitro exposed to cobalt

Table S4.21 Alterations in cell proliferation, cell death, or nutrient supply in human immortalized cells exposed to cobalt

Table S4.23 Evidence relevant to multiple key characteristics in human cells in vitro exposed to cobalt

Annex 4: Supplementary material for Section 4, Evaluation of high-throughput in vitro toxicity screening data

These supplementary web-only tables contain summaries of the findings (including the assay name, the corresponding key characteristic, the resulting “hit calls” both positive and negative, and any reported caution flags) for those chemicals evaluated in the present volume that have been tested in high-throughput screening assays performed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the United States National Institutes of Health. The results were generated by the Working Group using the software “kc-hits” (key characteristics of carcinogens – high-throughput screening discovery tool) available from https://gitlab.com/i1650/kc-hits.git (Reisfeld et al., 2022), using the US EPA Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) assay data and the curated mapping of key characteristics to assays available at the time of the evaluations performed for IARC Monographs Volume 131. Data were available for cobalt metal (without tungsten carbide) and cobalt(II) salts, and trivalent and pentavalent antimony, but not for weapons-grade tungsten (with cobalt and nickel) alloy.

Please report any errors to imo@iarc.who.int.

Cobalt metal (without tungsten carbide) and some cobalt compounds 

1.   Cobalt(II) sulfate heptahydrate: ToxCast/Tox21 assay results mapped to the key characteristics of carcinogens

Trivalent and pentavalent antimony                  

1.   Acetic acid, antimony(III) salt: ToxCast/Tox21 assay results mapped to the key characteristics of carcinogens

2.   Antimony potassium(III) tartrate trihydrate: ToxCast/Tox21 assay results mapped to the key characteristics of carcinogens

3.   Antimony(III) trichloride: ToxCast/Tox21 assay results mapped to the key characteristics of carcinogens

4.   Antimony(V) sulfide: ToxCast/Tox21 assay results mapped to the key characteristics of carcinogens

5.   Antimony(III) potassium tartrate hydrate: ToxCast/Tox21 assay results mapped to the key characteristics of carcinogens

6.   Triphenylstibine(III): ToxCast/Tox21 assay results mapped to the key characteristics of carcinogens